The Sarcophagus of Pakal

In 683 A.D., Pakal, the great King of Palenque who had ruled for almost seventy years, died. Pakals time had been one of great prosperity for his people, who honored him by entombing his body inside the Temple of the Inscriptions, a pyramid that Pakal himself had ordered built specifically to serve as his tomb. Pakal was buried in jade finery including a beautiful death mask, and placed over Pakals tomb was a massive sarcophagus stone, laboriously carved with an image of Pakal himself being reborn as a god. Pakals sarcophagus and its stone top are among the great all-time finds of archaeology. Discovery of Pakals Tomb The Maya city of Palenque had risen to greatness in the seventh century A.D. only to mysteriously go into decline. By 900 A.D. or so the once-mighty city was largely abandoned and the local vegetation began to reclaim the ruins.   In 1949, Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz Lhuillier began an investigation at the ruined Maya city, specifically at the Temple of the Inscriptions, one of the more imposing structures in the city. He found a stairway leading deep into the temple and followed it, carefully breaking down walls and removing rocks and debris as he did so. By 1952 he had reached the end of the passageway and found a magnificent tomb, which had been sealed off for more than a thousand years. There are many treasures and important works of art in Pakals tomb, but perhaps the most striking was the massive carved stone which covered Pakals body. The Great Sarcophagus Lid of Pakal Pakals sarcophagus lid is made of single stone. It is rectangular in shape, measuring between 245 and 290 millimeters (roughly 9-11.5 inches) thick in different places. It is 2.2 meters wide by 3.6 meters long (about 7 feet by 12 feet). The massive stone weighs seven tons. There are carvings on the top and sides. The massive stone would never have fit down the stairways from the top of the Temple of the Inscriptions; Pakals tomb was sealed first and then the temple was built around it. When Ruz Lhuillier discovered the tomb, he and his men painstakingly lifted it with four jacks, raising it a little bit at a time while putting small pieces of wood in the gaps to hold it in place. The tomb remained open until late 2010 when the massive lid was painstakingly lowered once again, covering Pakals remains, which had been returned to his tomb in 2009. The carved edges of the sarcophagus lid narrate events from the life of Pakal and those of his royal forebears. The southern side records the date of his birth and the date of his death. The other sides mention several other lords of Palenque and the dates of their deaths. The northern side shows Pakals parents, along with the dates of their deaths. The Sides of the Sarcophagus On the sides and ends of the sarcophagus itself, there are eight fascinating carvings of Pakals ancestors being reborn as trees: this shows that the spirits of departed ancestors continue to nourish their descendants. The depictions of Pakals ancestors and former rulers of Palenque include: Two images of Pakals father, Kan Mo Hix, being reborn as a nance tree.Two images of Pakals mother, Sak Kuk, being reborn as a cacao tree.Pakals great-grandmother, Yohl Iknal, is shown twice, reborn as a zapote tree and an avocado tree.Janahb Pakal I, Pakals grandfather, reborn as a guava treeKan Bahlam I (ruler of Palenque 572-583), reborn as a zapote tree.Kan Joy Chitam I (ruler of Palenque ca. 529-565 A.D.), reborn as an avocado tree.Ahkal Mo Nahb I (ruler of Palenque ca. 501-524 A.D.), reborn as a guava tree. The Top of the Sarcophagus Lid The magnificent artistic carving on the top of the sarcophagus lid is one of the masterpieces of Maya art. It depicts Pakal being reborn. Pakal is on his back, wearing his jewels, headdress, and skirt. Pakal is shown in the center of the cosmos, being reborn into eternal life. He has become one with the god Unen-Kawill, who was associated with maize, fertility, and abundance. He is emerging from a maize seed held by the so-called Earth Monster whose enormous teeth are clearly shown. Pakal is emerging along with the cosmic tree, visible behind him. The tree will carry him to the sky, where the god Itzamnaaj, the Sky Dragon, is awaiting him in the form of a bird and two serpent heads on either side. Importance of Pakals Sarcophagus Pakals Sarcophagus lid is a priceless piece of Maya art and one of the most important archaeological finds of all time. The glyphs on the lid have helped mayanist scholars pinpoint dates, events and familial relationships over a thousand years old. The central image of Pakal being reborn as a god is one of the classic icons of Maya art and has been crucial to understanding how the ancient Maya viewed death and rebirth. It should be noted that other interpretations of Pakals headstone exist. The most notable one, perhaps, is the notion that when viewed from the side (with Pakal roughly upright and facing to the left) it can appear as if he is operating the machinery of some sort. This has led to the Maya Astronaut theory which states that the figure is not necessarily Pakal, but rather a Maya astronaut piloting a spaceship. As entertaining as this theory may be, it has been thoroughly debunked by those historians who have deigned to justify it with any consideration in the first place.   Sources Bernal Romero, Guillermo. Kinich Jahahb Pakal (Resplandente Escudo Ave-Janahb) (603-683 d.C) Arqueologà ­a Mexicana XIX-110 (July-August 2011) 40-45. Guenter, Stanley. The Tomb of K’inich Janaab Pakal: The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque Lapida de Pakal, Palenque, Chiapas. Arqueologia Mexicana Edicion Especial 44 (June 2012), 72. Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo. Grandes Hallazgos de la Arqueologà ­a: De la Muerte a la Inmortalidad. Mexico: Tiempo de Memoria Tus Quets, 2013. Schele, Linda, and David Freidel. A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1990.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia - 1058 Words

Schizophrenia is defined as â€Å"a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.†(Melinda Smith, Jeanne Segal). Schizophrenia is treatable but incurable, and is present in one percent of the general population. Some people with schizophrenia can function normally without the help of medicines, while others must rely on medications. The disorder can also get so severe that an individual may need to be hospitalized or worse. The measures needed to treat schizophrenia depend on the severity of the disorder to the sufferer. Schizophrenia is a common, treatable disorder that affects the thought process, behavior, and quality of life of the individual who has it. Schizophrenia comes with many symptoms with different levels of severity. One of these symptoms is hallucination, or sensing something that isn’t actually happening. The most common form of hallucination in schizophrenics is hearing voices in their heads. There can be one voice talking to the person or there can be many voices talking to the person and/or each other. Other hallucinations such as seeing things, smelling things, and hearing things that aren’t actually there are also present in some schizophrenics. For example, a young girl named Jani suffers from schizophrenia and when she was asked about it in an interview with Oprah, she described â€Å"her imaginary world [Calalini] and her secret language† (Oprah: Understanding child Schizophrenia Video). Some schizophrenics areShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Per MentalHelp.net, schizophrenia is rare with approximately one-percent of the worldwide population and 1.2 percent of the population of the United States suffering from the disease as of 2009. Accurate statistics are difficult to obtain because many sufferers do not seek help. Symptoms typically – but not always – present in teen years with different peak times for females and males. Females have two peak times of vulnerability – mid- to late twenties and again around 40 – whereasRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1108 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, cognitive impairment, and mood symptoms. Hallucinations may include hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) or seeing people (visual hallucinations) that are not actually present. Patient also often have â€Å"negative† findings such as decreased energy, flat affect, and a lack of interest. 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People with this disorder can have a hard time figuring out what is real and what isn’t real. A common side effect to schizophrenia is hallucinations and delusions. Another common side effect is social withdrawal, which means that they avoid socialRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia843 Words   |  4 PagesPeople who suffered from schizophrenia were once mistaken to be â€Å"dangerous† and untreatable. For this reason, they were often institutionalized and removed from society (DiRocco). The causes of this mental psychotic disorder has been much more understood over the past decade resulting in the possibility for people with schizophrenia to live more average lives. Development of treatments, such as medication and various forms of psychotherapies, have been effective in treating symptoms and common comorbidRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1476 Words   |  6 Pages Schizophrenia, paranoid type was researched in terms of diagnostic criteria based on many different actions that affect people in multiple ways. Schizophrenia is a disease in the brain that is an emotionally draining illness that can affect the victim along with anyone in contact with the victim. RB a young man has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoid type. He lives at home with a loving family and he was always socially active and great student. 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Company overview Air Asia free essay sample

In 2008, Air Asia was one of the most profitable airlines; the company was not even affected by the economic crises as it was comfortably earning a return on assets of 4% It came as no surprise as Air Asia won skytrax award as the world’s best low cost airline. Well deserving as well because in just 7 years it had efficiently expanded stretching over south East Asia, amassing an outstanding 11. 8 million customers from an initial 200,000, Air Asia created an empire for itself. In 2007, the company embarked on a new journey. They were trying to get into the long haul market, having achieved tremendous success in the short haul market using a simple basic model air craft, the low-cost carrier (LLC) they wanted to gain market share in the long haul market, using the same basic model, the LLC, which in times past previous airlines that tried the same strategy had failed. But having success in the previous market, Air Asia believed that by sticking to their pricing strategy, the only significant problem they would encounter in the long haul market would be competition. We will write a custom essay sample on Company overview: Air Asia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Strategic issue There are 2 key strategic issues . Air Asia must choose between going into the competitive long haul market vs. remaining in the short haul market, therefore cancelling Air Asia X 2. Their ability to compete against already established long haul airlines who have efficient and working business models that give them competitive advantages like baggage- handling, frequent flyer promotions etc. Alternative suggestions Option one: merge Air Asia and Air Asia X Air Asia is an empire, established and profitable in its market segment. Air Asia X however is nothing close to becoming an empire is let alone be rofitable, instead of risking everything in a market where Air Asia X would struggle to compete, they are better of merging Air Asia and Air Asia X, with Air Asia the parent and Air Asia x the subsidiary, that way it is less risky and it could be easier for Air Asia X to launch under the same company Option two: discontinuing Air Asia X Air Asia could also decide to term inate the idea of Air Asia X. Apart from being risky, Air Asia operates of the LCC model which works effortlessly with the short haul market but is not the best model to use in the long haul market especially if you are new to a segment. This is why Air Asia should consider discontinuing Air Asia X and continue operating as a short to medium haul flights which is their strongest competitive advantage. Option three: create an alliance between Air Asia and a competitor Another alternative could be forming an alliance with a long haul airline. By doing this Air Asia could maintain focus on their primary objectives and also have a share in the long haul market regardless of the share size.

Mercedes Zuniga Essays (779 words) - Literature, Fiction

Mercedes Zuniga Professor Juarez English 1B: 9363 May 11, 2017 Poetry Analysis In the poem, "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe, the setting is described in such a manner that it leaves one with the feel of anxiety and curiosity. It is made known that the narrator is home alone at night, trying to forget about his never-ending sadness for the loss of his desist wife, Lenore. H e believes that she is st ill with him and so the rustling curtains and mysterious knocking seems to oddly excite him. He even later thinks he hears his beloved's footsteps and smells her perfume. His grief is affecting hi s mind into thinking that Lenore is in fact with him , when really she is gone. It is understandable to assume that the pain one goes through when such tragedies occur is immense but , who knew the hurt could be ever so large to make one become mad . Throughout the poem, "The Raven" , there is evidence of loneliness, an evil spirit and madness . It appears to have been hard for the speak er to handle Lenore's death and that has unbalance d his emotional and mental state. As the poem goes on, the narrator gets carried away with his imagination when he believes he has witnessed a talking raven . This raven is described black and is commonly viewed as a symbol for evil, death and even the supernatural. Wh ile trying to cope with his loss , the raven only comes to crush the narrato r's hopes of ever being with Lenore again . "What this grim, ungainly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking "Nevermore."" (71-72). The raven is not only symbolizing death; it is symbolizing a death without heaven. If there isn't a heaven, then death simply jus t means the end with no afterlife. The raven makes the narrator feel unease with the constant reminder of what happens after death. The raven even has a scary looking feature to him that makes him wonder if it really is just a bird or some sort of devil, as Poe has noted, " And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming " (105). The end image of the bird is quite different from his beginning entrance. In the beginning he just flew in as a normal bird would and in the end he is seen as a demon with burning eyes. The narrator is now completely terrified with the bird, as he's now the symbol of pure evil. The raven is everywhere in the poem, with only repeating one word over and over again. The famous line being, "Quote the Raven, Nevermore ." ( 48) . As this word is being said to him continuously, it begins to destroy him, and turns him from a sad, anxious guy into an insane man experiencing hallucinations. He can't seem to admit to himself that his beloved has passed on and for that reason he asks the raven questions. "Tell this soul with sorrow laden if within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore" (93-94) . Questions that he knew would be answered with nevermore', but he hoped for Lenore's wellbeing. For even j ust the thought that maybe death isn't permanent. From a connotative perspective, it is possible to say that the raven's v oice was all along an illusion the narrator experience d. Going mad from grief is a very powerful theme all throughout the poem. The grief the narrator undergoes is caused by the loneliness and separation he feels for the loss of his wife. When the bird says nevermore' for the first time he thinks it's nonsense but after a while the bird convinces him into thinking what he is saying is true. The horrifying pr ophecy startles the speaker and leads him to the edge of insanity. "And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted - nevermore!" (107-108). The narrator's insanity can also be blamed on th e setting in which the poem takes place. As he is in the house, all alone,

Babylonian Law vs. Modern Law Essay Example

Babylonian Law vs. Modern Law Essay Max Sleeth Mr. Katz – P-6 10/16/12 Babylonian Law Essay (Rewritten) While few written texts exist from the Babylonian Empire of 1800 B. C documenting their history, there are many contracts detailing their laws. Several passages even include laws and customs. A great Babylonian King, Hammurabi, was successful in establishing a rule of exemplary law for his Kingdom. These laws provided women with the position of being free and dignified, protections for the weak and poor from oppression, and the establishment of a criminal code of punishment. Many penalties for crimes were very cruel which current day law in the U. S prohibits. Hammurabi was King of Babylonia from 1792 –18 50 B. C and believed he was chosen by the Gods to lead the people of Babylonia. He created a societal structure ruled by laws enforced by judges at court. Women were provided with freedoms through Hammurabi’s laws, such as â€Å"property that the wife had had before marriage is hers for life, like property or furniture†. Also with marriage â€Å"the husband pays the wife’s debt, she maintains her own property that she brought into the marriage, and she is always a member of her father’s house. In the event of a divorce the wife keeps custody of her children, and receives income from her husband until the children have grown up. † Babylonian law also looked to protect the weak and the poor. † Slaves were allowed to own property and even other slaves. They were allowed to bear children, who were then the property of the master. We will write a custom essay sample on Babylonian Law vs. Modern Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Babylonian Law vs. Modern Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Babylonian Law vs. Modern Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To detain or hide a runaway slave was punishable by death, and the law stated they had to be returned to their owners. † The uniform system of law designed by Hammurabi allowed the elite, the common man, and the slave to work and live together in a peaceful way protected by fair laws. In today’s society however, slavery is illegal and there are not as defined social classes with different laws. One of the more impressive parts of Hammurabi’s law was his idea of punishment. In the Babylonian code punishments were made with hard evidence. If a man were to steal, he would only be accused if the property was found in his possession†. Punishments for crimes were â€Å"an eye for an eye, a limb for a limb, or a tooth for a tooth†. The death penalty was freely given out for theft and other crimes, such as â€Å"buying illegal goods from a slave, kidnapping, selling illegal goods, and causing a death of a house owner through bad construction. † The dea th penalty was also set in motion for a behavior or activity that put another person in danger of death. Current law is very restrictive in issuing a death sentence and is relatively rare in the U. S. Hammurabi was a great Babylonian King whose rule of law offered protections for the weak and the poor, provided women with the position of being free and dignified, and the establishment of a criminal code of punishment. These laws allowed the society, which consisted of people with different backgrounds, classes, and ethnic groups to live together with fair and just laws. Over the thousands of years the laws have significantly changed in our society. Women have the same rights as men, there are no more slaves and death punishments are rarely used here in the United States.

Human Freedom in Relation to Society

Human Freedom in Relation to Society Introduction The nature of human freedom entails the totality of man’s whole life. Human freedom has to do with the freedom of one’s will, which is the freedom of man to choose and act by following his path through life freely by exercising his ‘freedom’) (Morrison, 1997). But this perspective has not been without much debate and controversy by both philosophers and theologians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Freedom in Relation to Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of this paper intends to look at the concept of human freedom in relation to the society. In this regard, this paper seeks to investigate how society defines human freedom? What other social categories are affected (directly or indirectly) by human freedom? How society has evolved in regard to human freedom? And what can be done to improve human freedom? Human freedom has largely been defined in terms of the absence of external factors that may limit a person’s free will such as deportations and dictatorships by rulers among other factors. But it is also thought that human freedom does not necessarily rely on external constraints, for instance some philosophers have argued against the concept of ‘free will’, by saying that man is only a victim of ‘his own being’ (Morrison, 1997)). In other words, that the very nature of man, his instincts, for instance, limits his ‘freedom’; that every now and then he has to answer to his nature. But Rousseau refutes the argument that man unreservedly answers to his instincts as he argues that unlike animals, man can override his instincts (Morrison, 1997). For example, one may forgo a meal while playing a video game in spite of being hungry. This is an appendage of a philosophical debate as to whether individual ‘freedom’ really exist pe se. The argument is that one’s choices affect the people in the world in which he lives as much as the behaviors of those around him affect him/her. Thus, no person can claim ‘freedom’ that is free of the society in which they live given that the society defines and influences to an extent man’s freedom and the scope of that freedom. How society defines human freedom The term ‘society’ already implies a group of people, in this case, it refers to people including organizations living under mutual agreement: explicit (such as legal law) or implicit (such as ethical moral law) (Fermi, 2004). Each of these members of society is obliged to live by the components of that mutual agreement.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Society, therefore, is bigger than the individual as it overrides the instinctual response of the individual, who is then expected to practice a certain degree of rese rvation in meeting his/her needs in such a way that one is able to abide by the acceptable standards of the society. So far the United Nations has attempted to create a set of laws that can be used to govern the whole human society although the micro-societies (states, for instance) play the main role in defining the scope of human freedom. The definition of human freedom varies depending on the defining culture and political ideology such as Nazism, Socialism, fascism, Communism and Conservatism (Fermi, 2004). Unfortunately, it is not possible to say which one of these variants of human freedom is the right one (Fermi, 2004) as they all work in their own respective ways to define the concept of freedom. But this is not to say that, in a society, the individual ceases to exist. The individual is still protected under the natural law, which champions the individual’s basic human rights and liberty; this in fact, forms the core of democracy in the world today. Limitless freedom , it is argued, is untenable in a society that is peaceful and orderly, still when it comes to the law, some of the democratic rights are limited. Liberty, in its entirety (civil, natural, personal, and political liberties) when defined under the law carries with it certain limits. That as much as an individual has these rights and liberties, one can only go as far as the law permits, and since the law is defined by the political nature of a specific society, it can be argued that the law while it champions human freedom, equally restricts it as well. The other social categories that may be affected by human freedom Human freedom seems to be the central social issue and the other social aspects are either a reflection or an extension of human freedom. As we have seen so far, human freedom is defined by the prevailing political circumstances which further define the legal framework that is adopted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human Freedom in Relation to Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Depending on the relationship between state and religion (for instance, the unification of religion and the state as in Iran and separation of the two as was the case in Ibrahim’s Tunisia) individual’s freedom is affected in one way or another. Hinduism, for instance through its belief in the caste system, would seek to justify poverty for certain people and thereby hinder social mobility. Additionally, societies in which women are seen as nothing more than caretakers of families would hinder their access to formal education which impacts on their freedom. How society has changed in regard to human freedom Like any other social aspect, how human freedom is regarded in any society has evolved. It can largely be argued that struggle for human freedom has changed from an individual’s materialistic wishes to a more global approach to freedom for minority groups. For example, feminism is fighting for women’s rights of choice, formal education, job opportunities, from domestic violence and female genital mutilation among other rights. Currently, there is an increasing recognition and empowerment of disabled people; these, among other activities are a reflection of the global call for democracy which requires the acknowledgement and respect of all humans and their fundamental rights. This is attributed to technological changes, group behavior, social conflict, social trade-offs and global interdependence among others. All these have contributed to the globalization of the world which has increased the call for a certain degree of homogeneity in social behavior as the culture of nations has come to mean transformation of other nations as well in regard to human freedom. Conclusion; how society can improve human freedom There is need for further research on how to improve human freedom; in this regard motivational psychologists can help by diagnosing problems , setting moderate goals and applying the relevant behavioral technology to promote and research the concept of human freedom further. This has worked in certain places for instance, there’s evidence that motivational technology has helped control certain serious diseases, facilitate compensatory education, provide channels for assessing the benefits of higher education, facilitates effective management of complex initiatives and has contributed in raising the living standards of the poor (McClelland, 1978). Besides these, there are also other means of improving human freedom which can be implemented.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Fermi, F. (2004). Freedom and the Human Being. Retrieved from https://www.monografias.com/trabajos26/freedom/freedom.shtml McClelland, D., (1978). Managing Motivation to Expand Human Freedom.  American Psychologist, 33 (3), pp. 201-210. Morrison, J., (1997). What is Human Freedom. Retrieved from jasonmorrison.net/content/1997/what-is-human-freedom/

Dealing with the task of payment of sport in high school Essay

Dealing with the task of payment of sport in high school - Essay Example The reduction of charges, on the current programs, will promote participation of more students in sporting activities. The lower the costs, the more enticing the programs will seem to the students. Relationships and interaction among students, at both school and the community level, will improve because of nondiscriminatory participation in common games (Woods 126). As such, use of communal and school sporting facilities will increase. This will translate to fit and energetic youths and a reduction of the lifestyle diseases. This presents an advantage of reduction of charges (Woods 29). Adversely, a reduction of charges on sports will lead to poor services. Proper and effective maintenance of the sporting facilities may suffer due to the little charged. This will lead to the facilities occurring in run-down conditions. Further, the poor payment to sporting staff and instructors may promote the exodus of this experienced staff to seek well-paying jobs. Districts may raise taxes to bridge the budget deficits arising from reduced charges in a sport. This presents a burden to the taxpayer (Woods 127).In the elimination of some sporting programs, the reflection of the main advantage occurs in the reduction of staff and expensive facilities (Woods 129). The need for large outdoor space, as is the case with sports like football, represents a headache due to limited space. Such games requiring large spaces may give way to games requiring smaller spaces. This further promotes specialization in a sport by the participants.